DESCRIPTION0001 There are (1)_______________ other Everglades in the world. They are, they have always been, one of the (2)_______________ regions of the earth, remote, never (3)_______________ known. Nothing anywhere else is like them: their vast (4)_______________ openness, (5)_______________ than the enormous visible round of the horizon, the racing free (6)_______________ and sweetness of their (7)_______________ winds, under the (8)_______________ blue heights of space. They are (9)_______________ also in the simplicity, the diversity, the related (10)_______________ of the forms of life they enclose. The (11)_______________ of light (12)_______________ over the green and brown expanse of saw grass and of water, shining and slow-moving below, the grass and water that is the meaning and the (13)_______________ of the Everglades of Florida. It is a (14)_______________ of grass. no unique wholly glittering wider saltiness massive dazzling unique harmony miracle pours central fact river no Helper. Negative. unique Adjective. Special. wholly Adverb. Totally. glittering Adjective. Shining. Bright. wider Comparative. Broad. saltiness Noun. Having a salty taste. massive Adjective. Very large. Huge. dazzling Adjective. Very bright and shiny. unique Adjective. Special harmony Noun. When things fit together perfectly. miracle Noun. Something extraordinary. pours Verbal. To expel water. central fact Phrase. The main idea. river Adjective. A flowing body of water. DESCRIPTION0002 In the (1)______________ summer of (2)______________ year we lived in a house in a village that (3)______________ across the river and the (4)______________ to the mountains. In the (5)______________ of the river there were (6)______________ and (7)______________, dry and (8)______________ in the sun, and the water was (9)______________ and swiftly moving and (10)______________ in the channels. (11)______________ went by the house and down the road and the (12)______________ they raised powdered the (13)______________ of the trees. The (14)______________ of the trees (15)______________ were dusty and the leaves fell (16)______________ that year and we saw the troops (17)______________ along the road and the dust rising and leaves, (18)______________ by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterwards the road (19)______________ and white except for the leaves. late that looked plain bed pebbles boulders white clear blue troops. dust leaves trunks too early marching stirred bare late Adjective. that Relative. looked Verbal. plain Noun. A flat area. bed Noun. The bottom of a river. pebbles Noun. Small rocks. boulders Noun. Large rocks white Adjective. clear Adjective blue Adjective troops. Noun. Soldiers dust Noun. Small floating material. leaves Noun. trunks Noun. Main part of a tree. too Intensive. Also. early Adverb marching Verbal. The way soldiers move. stirred Verbal. To move back and forth. bare Adjective. Without cover DESCRIPTION0003 In the period between (1)____________________ of the English at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, and the close of the French and Indian war in 1763—a period of a century and a half—a new nation was being (2)____________________ on this continent to take its place (3)____________________ the (4)____________________ of the earth. (5)____________________, it was an epoch of migration. (6)____________________, western Europe contributed emigrants of many (7)____________________ and nationalities. (8)____________________, the English led the way. Next to them in (9)____________________ importance were the Scotch-Irish and the Germans. Into the (10)____________________ were also (11)____________________ Dutch, Swedes, French, Jews, Welsh, and Irish. (12)____________________, thousands of negroes were brought from Africa (13)____________________ Southern fields or labor as domestic servants in the North. the landing prepared among powers first overwhelmingly races overall numerical melting pot cast finally and sadly to till Noun phrase Verbal Preposition Noun Transition Transition Noun Transition Adjective Noun phrase. A pot where candles are melted to make new candles. Verbal. To throw. The flashlight cast a light. Transition Verbal. To break the soil with a plow for seeds. NARRATIVE0001 “About the middle of May, 1850, while in the (1)_______________ trade, I was (2)_______________ on the head waters of the Manistee River in Michigan. (3)_______________ on leaving my (4)_______________ I was startled by hearing a (5)_______________, rumbling sound, as though an army of horses (6)_______________ with (7)_______________ was advancing through the deep forests towards me. […] While I (8)_______________ in (9)_______________ and astonishment, I (10)_______________ moving toward me in an (11)_______________ front millions of pigeons, the first I had seen that season. They passed like a (12)_______________ through the (13)_______________ of the (14)_______________ trees, through the (15)_______________ and over the ground, apparently (16)_______________ every leaf. (17)_______________ I stood, half-concealed by cedar (18)_______________. They (19)_______________ all about me, (20)_______________ on my head and shoulders; gently I caught two in my hands and (21)_______________ concealed them under my blanket.“ fur camping one morning wigwam gurgling laden sleigh bells gazed wonder beheld unbroken cloud branches high underbrush overturning statue-like boughs fluttered lighting carefully fur Adjective. The skins of animals. camping Verbal. To sleep outdoors. one morning Transition. wigwam Noun. An indian tent. gurgling Noun. The sound of gargling with Listerine. laden Verbal. Carrying. Army of horses is a metaphor. sleigh bells Noun. Like the bells on Santa Claus’ sled. gazed Verbal. To look intently. wonder Noun. In amazement. beheld Irregular verb. To look unbroken Adjective. Without a break. cloud Simile. branches Small parts of a tree. high Adjective. Tall underbrush Noun. Small trees and plants overturning Verbal. To make something upside down. statue-like Adjective. To stand like a frozen statue. boughs Noun. Large branches of trees. fluttered Verbal. When leaves or feathers surround a person. lighting Verbal. To lite upon. To sit upon. carefully Adverb. With great care. Tenderly. NARRATIVE0002 First of all, I have a large family and many relatives. My (1)_______________ is Donahue, which is ultimately a (2)_______________ of Irish (3)_______________. However, my family’s origins and (4)_______________ are from various countries and (5)_______________ cultures, such as: Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and Holland. In fact, the (6)_______________ origins of my family are mostly from northern European (7)_______________. Above all, my family of (8)_______________ has witnessed the entire circle and celebration of family relationships: pregnancy, births, confirmations, first communions, holidays, Christmas, Thanksgiving, engagements, marriage, divorce, adoption, grandparents, great-grandchildren, (9)_______________, step-mothers, step-sisters, step-brothers, death, but always (10)_______________ love in all of its (11)_______________. family name surname etymology strands diverse geographical and ethnic stock relatives step-fathers familial dimensions family name Noun phrase surname Noun. A person’s last name. etymology Noun. Word origin. strands Noun. Different pieces of string. diverse Adjective geographical and ethnic Noun phrase stock Noun. Ethnicity. Genetic background. relatives Noun step-fathers Noun familial Adjective. From family. dimensions Noun NARRATIVE0003 My (1)________________ grandfather’s name was Glen Hanson on my mother’s side. His parents were born in Richland, Wisconsin. However, their parents came from Norway, which later (2)________________ into two countries: Sweden and Norway. Initially, they farmed in Wisconsin until the second generation eventually moved out to South Dakota to (3)________________ and found a family farm. In South Dakota, he fell in love and married my grandmother (4)________________ name was Kundi. Significantly, she was a (5)________________ German Catholic, while my grandfather was a Presbyterian. Nonetheless, the were (6)________________, then married. Between them, they had seven children: Leonard, Margaret, Evelyn, Carolyn, Phyllis, Norma. Sadly, one child died at (7)________________ —Jean, the name of (8)________________ my own mother, Margaret took as her middle (9)________________. Leonard had two sons. Next, Margaret had three sons. Later, Evelyn had a son and a daughter. Then, Carolyn had two sons and a daughter. (10)________________, Phyllis had a son and a daughter. Finally, Norma had two daughters. Of course, It is difficult for me to describe or compare or contrast my uncles and aunts because they were all so different. In addition, they have (11)________________ across the land and are living in many parts of America. maternal split homestead whose devout betrothed childbirth whom namesake even later spread out maternal Adjective. The mother’s side. split Verbal. Cut in two. homestead Noun. Free land. whose Relative devout Adjective. Religious. betrothed Verbal. Engaged to be married. childbirth Noun whom Relative namesake Noun. Taking someone’s name as one’s own. even later Transition spread out Verbal NARRATIVE0004 On my father’s side, my (1)_______________ grandfather’s name was Edward Donahue. His family originally moved east from New York, then Chicago, and finally (2)_______________ in Nebraska. (3)_______________, at a dance in Nebraska, he met my grandmother Esther and fell in love. Of their (4)_______________, four children were born: Bruce (my father), Roger, Gary, Kate, and Marilee. Sudenly, Bruce fell in love with my mother, Margaret Jean, around 1952 and they got married. Then, I was born in 1954 and have two brothers named Robert and David. Later, Roger was married and divorced and had one child. Gary was also married, divorced and after a long period, (5)_______________ and had two children. Kate had three children, a boy and two girls. Last of all, Marilee had 6 children. Two (6)_______________ , and four boys. paternal farmed once union remarried girls paternal Adjective. Father’s side. farmed Verbal once Transition union Noun. Married. remarried Verbal girls Noun NARRATIVE0005 My brother Robert was married (1)_______________ times and had a girl. David (2)_______________ married only once and has two children, one of whom is adopted. Robert is (3)_______________ divorced and unmarried. I married JoHanna in 1975 and we had a son named Ian. Our son, Ian, is now 25 years old. My wife’s family is originally from Italian (4)_______________. Sadly, her mother is now a widow because her husband passed away last year. Her (5)_______________ husband, Pat had many sisters and one brother. On the other hand, Lucille had many sisters and one brother. JoHanna has two sisters: the youngest, Michelle and the (6)_______________, Frankie. Michelle has been married several times and does not have children. Indeed, my wife, JoHanna, was the (7)_______________ for her current husband, Larry. Unlike Michelle, Frankie has been married for about 30 years and has three children. (8)_______________, she has two boys and a girl. several got currently extraction deceased next in line matchmaker in fact several Adjective got Verbal currently Adverb extraction Noun. Your ethnic or racial background. deceased Adjective next in line Phrase matchmaker Noun. A person who helps others get married. in fact Ttransition NARRATIVE0006 Our son, Ian, has only six cousins. In addition, he has only four uncles and three aunts. He had four grandparents and a (1)_________________, but everyone has died except for my wife’s mother, his grandmother. JoHanna and I probably have 40 cousins or (2)_________________and many aunts and uncles (3)_________________. In fact, JoHanna’s sister and her brother-in-law are Ian’s (4)_________________ when he was baptized. I haven’t seen my godparents in many years. I currently have three sister-in-laws. The (5)_________________, Frankie, lives in New Jersey with her husband Stephen. The (6)_________________, Michelle lives in Florida with her husband Larry. My youngest brother, David lives in Oklahoma with his wife Janie. In addition, I have several nieces. One niece, Regina, lives in California. Robert’s daughter, Katelynn, lives in Iowa and is my youngest niece. Sarah is David’s child and she is my niece that lives in Oklahoma. I have three nephews. One nephew, Eric, is a teacher who lives in Delaware. In fact, he has one or two daughters who would be my (7)_________________. I know that his wife, Lis, is or was pregnant, so maybe a child (8)_________________. Another nephew, Aaron, is a college student in Connecticut who will soon be graduating college. Finally, my last nephew is Matthew who is my brother’s son and he is in (9)_________________ school in Oklahoma. step-grandparent second cousins godparents as well oldest youngest great-nieces has been born elementary step-grandparent Noun second cousins Noun godparents Noun as well helper oldest Adjective youngest Adjective great-nieces Noun has been born Verbal elementary Adjective NARRATIVE0007 (1)________________, I am mostly in touch with my Florida family, including my mother-in-law, sister-in-law, and brother-in-law. But everyday, I think about my (2)________________ and my parents and step-father, George Harty. When I go to church, I always say a prayer to my (3)________________ mother. I have been married 31 years to my wife, JoHanna, and I thank God everyday for this (4)________________. On my birthday, I think of my mother, and what it must have been like to have her (5)________________ son. (6)________________, and I remember my introduction, to (7)________________ and how it changed my life forever. While I am not close to some of my in-laws, I try to stay at least neutral with the whole family which is the (8)________________ of my life. In fact, I think often of my (9)________________, and the long line of my relatives who have passed away. However, I can’t say that I identify too much with my (10)________________because in my heart I am (11)________________ an American. nowadays origins dear union first it makes me recall fatherhood fabric ancestors ethnic origins simply nowadays Transition origins Noun dear Adjective union Noun first Adjective it makes me recall Transition phrase fatherhood Noun fabric Noun ancestors Noun ethnic origins Noun phrase simply Adverb NARRATIVE0008 (1)__________________ I wonder where our (2)__________________ will be living. But perhaps the idea of (3)__________________ will be expanded in the future. (4)__________________, family is being defined not just by blood or (5)__________________, but the fact our fellow (6)__________________ all share the same chromosomes, and the human race is in reality a race of brothers and sisters. In short, we are all (7)__________________. And in this motherhood, fatherhood, (8)__________________ and brotherhood relationship, we are all on a (9)__________________ of human love. sometimes descendents next of kin gradually offspring siblings race kith and kin sisterhood journey sometimes Transition descendents Noun next of kin Noun. Your closest relatives. gradually Transition offspring Noun siblings Noun. Brothers or sisters. race Noun kith and kin Noun. Combined phrase for all blood relatives. sisterhood Noun journey Noun DESCRIPTION0001 In the time it took the light from Orion to reach the Earth, Leif Erikson (1)_____________; Gutenberg (2)_____________; Galileo (3)_____________; Shakespeare (4)_____________; Elizabeth (5)_____________; Mozart (6)_____________; Jefferson (7)_____________; Bolivar (8)_____________; Lincoln (9)_____________; Einstein (10)_____________; Ataturk (11)_____________; Roosevelt (12)_____________; Gandhi (13)_____________; Mother Teresa (14)_____________; Mandela (15)_____________. sailed printed dared wrote ruled composed drafted liberated preserved dreamed built led preached healed triumphed sailed Verbal. To go by ship. printed Verbal. To use a printing press. dared Verbal. To do something risky. wrote Verbal. To put pen to paper. ruled Verbal. To command. composed Verbal. To create a musical score. drafted Verbal. To write a first version. liberated Verbal. To free people. preserved Verbal. To maintain or hold together. dreamed Verbal. To use the imagination. built Verbal. To construct. led Verbal. To be a leader. preached Verbal. To offer philosophical or religious advice. healed Verbal. To cure someone. triumphed Verbal. To be victorious. Description1 (1)____________, owls can (2)____________ a wide variety of (3)____________ shapes and colors, (41)____________ may enhance their ability to survive and (5)____________. (6)____________, there are some species of white owls, which live comfortably in extremely remote, (7)____________ places, so their (8)____________have accustomed to the environment and (9)_________ the (10)____________snow. (11)____________, because of its (12)____________ coloring, those that live in (13)____________ or holes in the sand to better able to (14)____________ into the environment, and this (15)____________ protects them from potential enemies, (16)____________humans. (17)____________, owls are (18)____________ with large ears called (19)____________, (20)____________, at times, resemble the ears of a cat. (21)____________of these ears, they can more effectively hear the small animals or other prey they are (22)____________ during the night. (23)____________, the shape, coloration, and sense (24)____________ of owls all contribute to making them (25)____________ at survival in the (26)____________. next possess different which thrive for example snowy feathers mimic white to illustrate brownish burrows blend camouflage such as in fact outfitted horns which can due to the design seeking in conclusion organs magnificent wild next Transition possess Verbal different Adjective which Relative thrive Verbal. To live and prosper. for example Transition snowy Adjective feathers Noun mimic Verbal white Adjective to illustrate Transition brownish Adjective burrows Noun. Holes in the ground. blend Verbal. To become one color camouflage Noun. To become one color with background. such as Helper in fact Transition outfitted Verbal horns Noun. Like the horns of a cow. which can Helper due to the design Transition seeking Verbal in conclusion Transition organs Noun. Any part of the body that has a function. magnificent Adjective wild Noun Description2 (1)_____________________, it is very important (2)_____________________that the owl (3)_____________________ be a (4)_____________________ intelligent and (5)_____________________ animal, (6)_____________________ admired by many (7)_____________________ birdwatchers and (8)_____________________ professional ornithologists. (9)_____________________ they are not hunted but hunting birds, many observing scientists have come to the conclusion that the owl (10)_____________________ extremely clever. (11)_____________________, some owl-lovers (12)_____________________ that they (13)_____________________ easily be compared to the majestic, (14)_____________________ eagles, who perhaps like two American symbols, one aptly representing the day and (15)_____________________, the other metaphorically, the night and (16)_____________________. (17)_____________________, because the night is the usual (18)_____________________ of the owl, most observers who seek owls, (19)_____________________ not usually observe them. Another reason many people who study owls have frequently thought they have a (20)_____________________ intellect is that many do seem (21)_____________________ questions. Indeed, the (22)_____________________ hooting sound seems to some listeners (23)_____________________ hauntingly the English word “who” itself. So it seems (24)_____________________ there is a (25)_____________________ with owl (26)_____________________ that the animal is both clever, and perhaps linguistically (27)_____________________. last to note can remarkably canny avidly amateur most because must be in fact posit might soaring power wisdom however domain may superb to pose eerie to echo that consensus aficionados gifted last Transition to note Verbal can Modal remarkably Adverb canny Adjective. Crafty or smart. avidly Adverb. With enthusiasm. amateur Adjective most Helper because Subordination must be Modal/verbal in fact Transition posit Verbal. To ask a question. might Modal soaring Adjective. To fly like a bird. power Noun wisdom Noun however Transition domain Noun. An area that one controls. may Helper superb Adjective to pose Verbal eerie Adjective. Scary or frightening. to echo Verbal. When sound repeats like in a cave. that Relative consensus Noun. When all agree. aficionados Noun. Experts. gifted Adjective Description3 (1)_____________________, three important and (2)_____________________ aspects have been examined (3)_____________________ essential in describing the (4)_____________________ night-loving owl family. In fact, the majestic owls (5)_____________________to exhibit three main characteristics. (6)_____________________, first, the (7)_____________________ owls prefer to hunt at night in (8)_____________________ darkness and sleep in the brightness of day. (9)_____________________, owls have all sorts of (10)_____________________ shapes and colors. And last owls are (11)_____________________ and canny animals. (12)_____________________, I hope, it has been shown that each of these most (13)_____________________characteristics are equally important in helping the wise owl to (14)_____________________ efficiently out a (15)_____________________ in the natural ecosystem. (16)_____________________, let us recall the famous words of poet Thomas Gray, which mention the wise owl. in conclusion main as omnipresent have been shown listing them in consecutive order wary pitch next varied wise in the above composition vital carve niche finally in conclusion Transition main Adjective as Helper omnipresent Adjective. Everywhere at once. have been shown Verbal listing them in consecutive order Transition wary Adjective. Careful and aware. pitch Adjective. The frequency of the voice. next Transition varied Adjective. Variety. wise Adjective in the above composition Transition vital Adjective. Essential. carve Verbal. To cut with a knife. niche Noun. An area which animals live in. finally Transition Description4 In the movie Scarface, Al Pacino (1)_____________ a Cuban (2)_____________ as Tony Montana is in the bathtub watching TV, and he says to Manny, “ Look at dem pelicangs fly.” While Pacino’s laughable (3)_____________ accent was (4)_____________ with the help of a dialect (5)_____________, the (6)_____________ map of Miami is a (7)_____________ that is the (8)_____________ of New Americans because three out of five foreign-born Miamians are naturalized citizens. Sports accent Faux-Spanish Contrived Coach dialect mosaic Harbinger Sports Verb. Wears. Pretends. accent Noun. Speaking English with a foreign influence. Faux-Spanish Adjective. Not a real accent. Pretend Contrived Verbal. Made up. Invented. Coach Noun. A person that helps someone. dialect Adjective. A sub language. mosaic Adjective. A combination. Harbinger Noun. Something that predicts the future. Description5 Ben Sheppard Elementary in Hialeah may well be the largest such school in the nation, with (1)______________ 3,000 students. (2)________________12.8 percent of Miami adults have completed college, (3)________________ to the national average of 20.3 percent. Half of all Miamians age five and over (4)________________ to either not speaking English at all or speaking it poorly; and 73 percent speak a language other than English at (5)________________. (6)________________, three out of five foreign-born Miamians are naturalized, suggesting that many of the early (7)________________ from Cuba have taken up U.S. citizenship. Of all of America's cities, only seven were revealed by the 1990 census to have more immigrants than native born. Miami is the largest city among this small number, and its (8)________________share (59.7%) is (9)________________to Hialeah (70.4%). With the growing foreign-born population, it is not surprising that of all Floridians age five and over, more than one in six (17.4%) (10)________________ English at home. And of those, 45.8 percent admit that they either speak no English or speak it (11)________________. In Dade County, (12)________________half (57.4%) do not speak English at home, and most of those (54.6%) either do not speak English at all or speak it poorly. These (13)________________ and numbers will have increased since the 1990 census with the continued (14)________________ in immigration, legal and illegal. Almost Only Compared Admit Home However Arrivers Foreign-born Second only Do not speak Poorly Well over Proportions Surge Almost Helper. Nearly. Only Helper. Barely. Compared Verbal. Admit Verbal. Confess. Tell the truth. Home Noun. In the house. However Transition. But Arrivers Noun. Those who came first. Foreign-born Noun. Those born overseas. Second only Helper. Second place. Do not speak Verbal. Do not use. Poorly Adverb. Not well Well over Helper. More than half Proportions Noun. Amounts. Surge Noun. Growth in numbers. DEFINITION1 In the period between (1)____________________ of the English at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, and the close of the French and Indian war in 1763—a period of a century and a half—a new nation was being (2)____________________ on this continent to take its place (3)____________________ the (4)____________________ of the earth. (5)____________________, it was an epoch of migration. (6)____________________, western Europe contributed emigrants of many (7)____________________ and nationalities. (8)____________________, the English led the way. Next to them in (9)____________________ importance were the Scotch-Irish and the Germans. Into the (10)____________________ were also (11)____________________ Dutch, Swedes, French, Jews, Welsh, and Irish. (12)____________________, thousands of negroes were brought from Africa (13)____________________ Southern fields or labor as domestic servants in the North. the landing prepared among powers first overwhelmingly races overall numerical melting pot cast finally and sadly to till the landing Noun phrase prepared Verbal among Preposition powers Noun first Transition overwhelmingly Transition races Noun overall Transition numerical Adjective melting pot Noun phrase. A pot where candles are melted to make new candles. cast Verbal. To throw. The flashlight cast a light. finally and sadly Transition to till Verbal. To break the soil with a plow for seeds. PROCESS1 (1)________________________ Do you know someone who does? Below is a “recipe” on how to reduce an accent in (2)________________________ . The three steps involve (3)________________________ of the English sound system, (4)________________________ of your individual sound system, and (5)________________________ of any differences between the two sound systems do you have a foreign accent? three easy steps knowledge awareness treatment do you have a foreign accent? Attention getter three easy steps Rule of three knowledge Parallel noun awareness Parallel noun treatment Parallel noun PROCESS2 (1)_______________ , a complete knowledge of the English sound system is an important step. There are three important parts to the English sound system. Of primary importance are the consonants. (2)_______________, English has 24 consonants. (3)_______________, the English vowels are important too. (4)_______________, English has about 16 vowels. (5)_______________, English does some weird things with words. The weird things that it does are called “adjustments.” (6)_______________, when you say the word “Printer,” many times it will sound like “Prinner,” if said quickly, with no T sound. (7)_______________ is phrases such as “Good Boy,” which sounds like “GooBoy,” when spoken rapidly. (8)_______________, you can see, knowledge of English consonants, vowels, and adjustments is an important subject. first for example however to illustrate finally for example another example therefore first Transition for example Transition however Transition to illustrate Transition finally Transition for example Transition another example Transition therefore Transition PROCESS3 Next, an awareness of your (1)___________ (2)___________ system is (3)___________ to improving your (4)___________ accent. Now, you probably speak your (5)___________ language perfectly. However, you may not have some of the sounds that are in English. For example, if you speak Spanish, you do not have the (6)___________ sound like in the word “Thin.” If you are a (7)___________ speaker, you may have trouble with the (8)___________ sound in the word “Hotel.” In summary, you can see that it is (9)___________ to be aware of you own (10)___________ (11)___________ system. individual sound essential english first th french h important language’s sound individual Adjective sound Adjective essential Adjective english Adjective first Adjective th Adjective french Adjective h Adjective important Adjective language’s Adjective sound Adjective PROCESS4 Finally, now that you have knowledge of English and awareness of your language’s sound system, what (1)_______________ you do? You (2)_______________ your accent with exercises. First, you (3)_______________ a list of all your problem words. For example, (4)_______________ you are a Spanish speaker, you (5)_______________ to make a list of all the important words that contain TH, such as “Teeth” or “Through.” Another example for French speakers is to make a list of (6)_______________ the important words (7)_______________ begin with H and practice them, (8)_______________ “Help” or “Hero”. Finally, you (9)_______________ record yourself making these words and play them back while riding in the car. To summarize, to treat your accent you (10)_______________ the sounds (11)_______________ causing your accent and practice them. should should treat should make if may want all that such as should tape should identify that are should Modal should treat Modal and verb should make Modal and verb if Subordinator may want Modal and verb all Helper that Relative such as Helper should tape Modal and verb should identify Modal and verb that are Relative and verb PROCESS5 In conclusion, there (1)________________ three steps (2)________________ a foreign accent. First, (3)________________ knowledge about the English sound system. Second, (4)________________ aware of your own language’s sound system. Last, (5)________________ your accent with exercises or practice. (6)________________ me, (7)________________ you (8)________________ this advice, you (9)________________ English perfectly! are to reducing gain become treat believe if follow will be speaking are Verbal to reducing Verbal gain Verbal become Verbal treat Verbal believe Verbal if Subordinator follow Verbal will be speaking Verbal. Final thought or comment. COMPARISON CONTRAST "(1)______________, I wish the Bald Eagle had not been (2)______________ the Representative of our Country. He is a bird of bad (3)______________ Character. He does not get his living (4)______________ . You may have seen him (5)______________ on some dead tree near the River, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the labor of the Fishing Hawk; and when that (6)______________ bird has at length taken a fish, and is (7)______________ it to his (8)______________ for the support of his mate and young ones, the Bald Eagle (9)______________ him and takes it from him. for my own part Transition chosen Verbal. moral Adjective. Knowing right from wrong honestly Adverb. To be truthful perched Verbal. The way a bird sits on a tree branch diligent Adjective. Hard working. Persistent bearing Verbal. Carrying. nest Noun. The house of a bird pursues Verbal. To chase something or someone. "With all this injustice, […]he is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank coward: The little King Bird, not bigger than a sparrow, attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district. He is therefore by no means a proper emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America who have driven all the King birds from our Country . "(1)_________________, […]he is generally poor and often very (2)_______________. Besides he is a (3)_______________ coward: The little King Bird, not bigger than a (4)_______________, attacks him boldly and drives him out of the (5)_______________. He is (6)_______________ by no (7)_______________ a proper (8)_______________ for the brave and honest (9)_______________ of America who have driven all the King birds from our Country . with all this injustice Subordinating Phrase. lousy Noun. Very bad. rank Adjective. Total. sparrow Noun. A small brown bird district Noun. Area therefore Transition. So means Noun. No matter. No way. emblem Noun. Symbol, like a flag. cincinnati Noun. Famous Roman leader. "I am (1)__________________ not displeased that the figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a turkey. (2)__________________, the turkey is in comparison a (3)__________________ respectable bird, and a true original Native of America . (4)__________________, though a little (5)__________________ and silly, a bird of courage, and would not (6)__________________ to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who (7)__________________ to invade his farm yard with a red coat on." on this account Transition. For these reasons. for in truth Transition. As a matter of fact. much more Adjective/Adverb. Greater. he is besides Transition. In addition. vain Noun. A person who loves themselves. hesitate Verbal. Would not pause or wait. should presume Verbal. Would dare to. CLASSIFICATION The Turkeys are (1)______________ American birds. Turkeys have the head and neck (2)______________ except for a few (3)______________ bristles. The neck is wrinkled and (4)______________. The tarsus is naked, covered with (5)______________, and, in the male, (6)______________. The tail is broad and rounded with fourteen to eighteen (7)______________ feathers. The male has a “beard” of coarse black (8)______________ hanging from the center of the upper breast. distinctively Adverb naked Adjective stiff Adjective- not bending wattled Adjective-fleshy. Like under the throat. scales Noun-like the skin of a fish. spurred Adjective. Like the spurs on a cowboy’s boots. blunt Adjective-not sharp bristles Noun-very stiff hairs. Like the bristles of a brush. (1)_________________, early in the sixteenth century, the Spanish conquerors invaded Mexico, they found the natives in possession of some large (2)_________________ birds which were extremely (3)_________________. (4)_________________, some were transferred to Spain and it was found they would (5)_________________ easily in captivity. (6)_________________these birds were introduced into France and England, and (7)_________________emigrants brought them back to America. when Transition domesticated Adjective. Can be raised in captivity. toothsome Adjective. Hard to chew. later Transition breed Verbal. To mate and produce animals. in time Transition by and by Transition. Over a period of time. Sporadically. The (1)______________ Turkey in its native condition is (2)______________ a North American species. In fact, the wild birds in this country today (3)______________ inhabit (4)______________ woods and the borders of swamplands. (5)______________, in the southwest one (6)______________ look for them among the chaparral in the (7)______________ streams, or in the oak and pinon groves. wild Adjective. Not civilized or domesticated. distinctively Adverb. Special. chiefly Adverb. Mainly deep Adjective. In the middle. on the other hand Transition. may Modal. Can. neighborhood Noun. Near by. Wild Turkeys are (1)_______________, and a strong (2)_______________ will have two or three hens under his (3)_______________. When the (4)_______________approaches, the hens (5)_______________and make their (6)_______________ in the grass or bushes in some open place in the woods. They hide their nests with (7)_______________, not only to avoid foxes and other (8)_______________ animals, but (9)_______________detection by the gobbler. It is (10)_______________ believed that he will break eggs if he (11)_______________a nest. polygamists Adjective. To have more than one wife. gobbler Noun. The male turkey. observation Noun. Care or power of. laying time Noun. Birds producing eggs. steal away Verbal. To hide. nests Noun. Place where eggs are layed. great care Adverb phrase. Very carefully. predatory Adjective. Animals that hunt other animals. to prevent Verbal unanimously Adverb. All agree. comes upon Verbal. Encounter or find. CAUSE AND EFFECT In the period between (1)____________________ of the English at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, and the close of the French and Indian war in 1763—a period of a century and a half—a new nation was being (2)____________________ on this continent to take its place (3)____________________ the (4)____________________ of the earth. (5)____________________, it was an epoch of migration. (6)____________________, western Europe contributed emigrants of many (7)____________________ and nationalities. (8)____________________, the English led the way. Next to them in (9)____________________ importance were the Scotch-Irish and the Germans. Into the (10)____________________ were also (11)____________________ Dutch, Swedes, French, Jews, Welsh, and Irish. (12)____________________, thousands of negroes were brought from Africa (13)____________________ Southern fields or labor as domestic servants in the North. the landing Noun phrase prepared Verbal among Preposition powers Noun first Transition overwhelmingly Transition races Noun overall Transition numerical Adjective melting pot Noun phrase. A pot where candles are melted to make new candles. cast Verbal. To throw. The flashlight cast a light. finally and sadly Transition to till Verbal. To break the soil with a plow for seeds. (1)___________________ The reasons are various. (2)___________________, the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England, the French Huguenots, Scotch-Irish and Irish, and the Catholics of Maryland, (3)___________________ from (4)___________________ governments that denied them the right to worship God according to the dictates of their consciences. (5)___________________ came to escape the (6)___________________ of poverty in the Old World and to find free homes in America. (7)___________________, like the negroes from Africa, were (8)___________________ here against their (9)___________________. The (10)___________________ of adventure (11)___________________ to the restless and the lure of profits to the (12)___________________ merchants why did they come? Phrase. Attention Getter. some of them Phrase used as subject. fled Verbal. To escape. intolerant Adjective. To not allow differences of opinion. thousands Noun. Used as subject. bondage Noun. In prison-like conditions. thousands Noun. Used as subject. dragged Verbal. Opposite of pulled. will Noun. Human ability to have free choice. lure Noun. Something that attracks. Like a worm on a hook to catch a fish. appealed Verbal. Enticed. Attracted. enterprising Verbal. When people are inventive or work hard. The CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES WE the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. people noun order Logic transition form Verbal union Noun justice Noun tranquility Noun-peaceful defence Noun general Adjective blessings Noun posterity Noun-descendants ordain Verbal-order WE the (1)_______________ of the United States, in (2)_______________ to (3)_______________ a more perfect (4)_______________, establish (5)_______________, insure domestic (6)_______________, provide for the common (7)_______________, promote the (8)_______________ welfare, and secure the (9)_______________ of liberty to ourselves and our (10)_______________, do (11)_______________ and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. establishment Noun. To create. prohibiting Verbal. Stopping. abridging Verbal. Stopping. to assemble Verbal. To gather. redress Noun. To compain about. Congress shall make (1)____________ law respecting an (2)____________ of religion, or (3)____________ the free exercise thereof; or (4)____________ the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably (5)____________, and to petition the government for a (6)____________ of grievances. (1)____________, owls can (2)____________ a wide variety of (3)____________ shapes and colors, (41)____________ may enhance their ability to survive and (5)____________. (6)____________, there are some species of white owls, which live comfortably in extremely remote, (7)____________ places, so their (8)____________have accustomed to the environment and (9)_________ the (10)____________snow. (11)____________, because of its (12)____________ coloring, those that live in (13)____________ or holes in the sand to better able to (14)____________ into the environment, and this (15)____________ protects them from potential enemies, (16)____________humans. (17)____________, owls are (18)____________ with large ears called (19)____________, (20)____________, at times, resemble the ears of a cat. (21)____________of these ears, they can more effectively hear the small animals or other prey they are (22)____________ during the night. (23)____________, the shape, coloration, and sense (24)____________ of owls all contribute to making them (25)____________ at survival in the (26)____________. next Transition possess Verbal different Adjective which Relative thrive Verbal. To live and prosper. for example Transition snowy Adjective feathers Noun mimic Verbal white Adjective to illustrate Transition brownish Adjective burrows Noun. Holes in the ground. blend Verbal. To become one color camouflage Noun. To become one color with background. such as Helper in fact Transition outfitted Verbal horns Noun. Like the horns of a cow. which can Helper due to the design Transition seeking Verbal in conclusion Transition organs Noun. Any part of the body that has a function. magnificent Adjective wild Noun (1)_____________________, it is very important (2)_____________________that the owl (3)_____________________ be a (4)_____________________ intelligent and (5)_____________________ animal, (6)_____________________ admired by many (7)_____________________ birdwatchers and (8)_____________________ professional ornithologists. (9)_____________________ they are not hunted but hunting birds, many observing scientists have come to the conclusion that the owl (10)_____________________ extremely clever. (11)_____________________, some owl-lovers (12)_____________________ that they (13)_____________________ easily be compared to the majestic, (14)_____________________ eagles, who perhaps like two American symbols, one aptly representing the day and (15)_____________________, the other metaphorically, the night and (16)_____________________. (17)_____________________, because the night is the usual (18)_____________________ of the owl, most observers who seek owls, (19)_____________________ not usually observe them. Another reason many people who study owls have frequently thought they have a (20)_____________________ intellect is that many do seem (21)_____________________ questions. Indeed, the (22)_____________________ hooting sound seems to some listeners (23)_____________________ hauntingly the English word “who” itself. So it seems (24)_____________________ there is a (25)_____________________ with owl (26)_____________________ that the animal is both clever, and perhaps linguistically (27)_____________________. last Transition to note Verbal can Modal remarkably Adverb canny Adjective. Crafty or smart. avidly Adverb. With enthusiasm. amateur Adjective most Helper because Subordination must be Modal/verbal in fact Transition posit Verbal. To ask a question. might Modal soaring Adjective. To fly like a bird. power Noun wisdom Noun however Transition domain Noun. An area that one controls. may Helper superb Adjective to pose Verbal eerie Adjective. Scary or frightening. to echo Verbal. When sound repeats like in a cave. that Relative consensus Noun. When all agree. aficionados Noun. Experts. gifted Adjective (1)_____________________, three important and (2)_____________________ aspects have been examined (3)_____________________ essential in describing the (4)_____________________ night-loving owl family. In fact, the majestic owls (5)_____________________to exhibit three main characteristics. (6)_____________________, first, the (7)_____________________ owls prefer to hunt at night in (8)_____________________ darkness and sleep in the brightness of day. (9)_____________________, owls have all sorts of (10)_____________________ shapes and colors. And last owls are (11)_____________________ and canny animals. (12)_____________________, I hope, it has been shown that each of these most (13)_____________________characteristics are equally important in helping the wise owl to (14)_____________________ efficiently out a (15)_____________________ in the natural ecosystem. (16)_____________________, let us recall the famous words of poet Thomas Gray, which mention the wise owl. In conclusion, three important and main aspects have been examined as essential in describing the omnipresent night-loving owl family. In fact, the majestic owls have been shown to exhibit three main characteristics. Listing them in consecutive order, first, the wary owls prefer to hunt at night in pitch darkness and sleep in the brightness of day. Next, owls have all sorts of vaired shapes and colors. And last owls are wise and canny animals.In the above composition, I hope, it has been shown that each of these most vital characteristics are equally important in helping the wise owl to carve efficiently out a niche in the natural ecosystem.Finally, let us recall the famous words of poet Thomas Gray, which mention the wise owl. in conclusion Transition main Adjective as Helper omnipresent Adjective. Everywhere at once. have been shown Verbal listing them in consecutive order Transition wary Adjective. Careful and aware. pitch Adjective. The frequency of the voice. next Transition varied Adjective. Variety. wise Adjective in the above composition Transition vital Adjective. Essential. carve Verbal. To cut with a knife. niche Noun. An area which animals live in. finally Transition Do you have a foreign accent? Do you know someone who does? Below is a “recipe” on how to reduce an accent in three easy steps. The three steps involve knowledge of the English sound system, awareness of your individual sound system, and treatment of any differences between the two sound systems. do you have a foreign accent? Attention getter three easy steps Rule of three knowledge Parallel noun awareness Parallel noun treatment Parallel noun (1)________________________ Do you know someone who does? Below is a “recipe” on how to reduce an accent in (2)________________________ . The three steps involve (3)________________________ of the English sound system, (4)________________________ of your individual sound system, and (5)________________________ of any differences between the two sound systems. First , a complete knowledge of the English sound system is an important step. There are three important parts to the English sound system. Of primary importance are the consonants. For example, English has 24 consonants. However, the English vowels are important too. To illustrate, English has about 16 vowels. Finally, English does some weird things with words. The weird things that it does are called “adjustments.” For example, when you say the word “Printer,” many times it will sound like “Prinner,” if said quickly, with no T sound. Another example is phrases such as “Good Boy,” which sounds like “GooBoy,” when spoken rapidly. Therefore, you can see, knowledge of English consonants, vowels, and adjustments is an important subject. first Transition for example Transition however Transition to illustrate Transition finally Transition for example Transition another example Transition therefore Transition (1)_______________ , a complete knowledge of the English sound system is an important step. There are three important parts to the English sound system. Of primary importance are the consonants. (2)_______________, English has 24 consonants. (3)_______________, the English vowels are important too. (4)_______________, English has about 16 vowels. (5)_______________, English does some weird things with words. The weird things that it does are called “adjustments.” (6)_______________, when you say the word “Printer,” many times it will sound like “Prinner,” if said quickly, with no T sound. (7)_______________ is phrases such as “Good Boy,” which sounds like “GooBoy,” when spoken rapidly. (8)_______________, you can see, knowledge of English consonants, vowels, and adjustments is an important subject. Next, an awareness of your individual sound system is essential to improving your English accent. Now, you probably speak your first language perfectly. However, you may not have some of the sounds that are in English. For example, if you speak Spanish, you do not have the TH sound like in the word “Thin.” If you are a French speaker, you may have trouble with the H sound in the word “Hotel.” In summary, you can see that it is important to be aware of you own language’s sound system. individual Adjective sound Adjective essential Adjective english Adjective first Adjective th Adjective french Adjective h Adjective important Adjective language’s Adjective sound Adjective Next, an awareness of your (1)___________ (2)___________ system is (3)___________ to improving your (4)___________ accent. Now, you probably speak your (5)___________ language perfectly. However, you may not have some of the sounds that are in English. For example, if you speak Spanish, you do not have the (6)___________ sound like in the word “Thin.” If you are a (7)___________ speaker, you may have trouble with the (8)___________ sound in the word “Hotel.” In summary, you can see that it is (9)___________ to be aware of you own (10)___________ (11)___________ system. Finally, now that you have knowledge of English and awareness of your language’s sound system, what should you do? You should treat your accent with exercises. First, you should make a list of all your problem words. For example, if you are a Spanish speaker, you may want to make a list of all the important words that contain TH, such as “Teeth” or “Through.” Another example for French speakers is to make a list of all the important words that begin with H and practice them, such as “Help” or “Hero”. Finally, you should tape record yourself making these words and play them back while riding in the car. To summarize, to treat your accent you should identify the sounds that are causing your accent and practice them. Finally, now that you have knowledge of English and awareness of your language’s sound system, what (1)_______________ you do? You (2)_______________ your accent with exercises. First, you (3)_______________ a list of all your problem words. For example, (4)_______________ you are a Spanish speaker, you (5)_______________ to make a list of all the important words that contain TH, such as “Teeth” or “Through.” Another example for French speakers is to make a list of (6)_______________ the important words (7)_______________ begin with H and practice them, (8)_______________ “Help” or “Hero”. Finally, you (9)_______________ record yourself making these words and play them back while riding in the car. To summarize, to treat your accent you (10)_______________ the sounds (11)_______________ causing your accent and practice them. should Modal should treat Modal and verb should make Modal and verb if Subordinator may want Modal and verb all Helper that Relative such as Helper should tape Modal and verb should identify Modal and verb that are Relative and verb In conclusion, there are three steps to reducing a foreign accent. First, gain knowledge about the English sound system. Second, become aware of your own language’s sound system. Last, treat your accent with exercises or practice. Believe me, if you follow this advice, you will be speaking English perfectly! are Verbal to reducing Verbal gain Verbal become Verbal treat Verbal believe Verbal if Subordinator follow Verbal will be speaking Verbal In conclusion, there (1)________________ three steps (2)________________ a foreign accent. First, (3)________________ knowledge about the English sound system. Second, (4)________________ aware of your own language’s sound system. Last, (5)________________ your accent with exercises or practice. (6)________________ me, (7)________________ you (8)________________ this advice, you (9)________________ English perfectly! Why did they come? The reasons are various. Some of them, the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England, the French Huguenots, Scotch-Irish and Irish, and the Catholics of Maryland, fled from intolerant governments that denied them the right to worship God according to the dictates of their consciences. Others came to escape the bondage of poverty in the Old World and to find free homes in America. Yet others, like the negroes from Africa, were dragged here against their will. In summary, the lure of adventure appealed to the restless and the lure of profits to the enterprising merchants. why did they come? Attention getter. Hook some of them Transition and subject fled Verbal. To leave intolerant Adjective. Not accepting other views or beliefs others Noun as subject bondage imprisonment yet others Transition and subject dragged Verbal. Opposite of pulled. will Noun. Freedom of choice. in summary transition lure Noun. Something which attracks. Fisherman use lures to catch fish. appealed verbal enterprising Why did they come? The reasons are various. Some of them, the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England, the French Huguenots, Scotch-Irish and Irish, and the Catholics of Maryland, fled from intolerant governments that denied them the right to worship God according to the dictates of their consciences. Thousands came to escape the bondage of poverty in the Old World and to find free homes in America. Thousands, like the negroes from Africa, were dragged here against their will. The lure of adventure appealed to the restless and the lure of profits to the enterprising merchants. why did they come? Phrase. Attention Getter. some of them Phrase used as subject. fled Verbal. To escape. intolerant Adjective. To not allow differences of opinion. thousands Noun. Used as subject. bondage Noun. In prison-like conditions. thousands Noun. Used as subject. dragged Verbal. Opposite of pulled. will Noun. Human ability to have free choice. lure Noun. Something that attracks. Like a worm on a hook to catch a fish. appealed Verbal. Enticed. Attracted. enterprising Verbal. When people are inventive or work hard. (1)___________________ The reasons are various. (2)___________________, the Pilgrims and Puritans of New England, the French Huguenots, Scotch-Irish and Irish, and the Catholics of Maryland, (3)___________________ from (4)___________________ governments that denied them the right to worship God according to the dictates of their consciences. (5)___________________ came to escape the (6)___________________ of poverty in the Old World and to find free homes in America. (7)___________________, like the negroes from Africa, were (8)___________________ here against their (9)___________________. The (10)___________________ of adventure (11)___________________ to the restless and the lure of profits to the (12)___________________ merchants. Whatever the motive for immigrants coming; however, they managed to get across the sea. The immigrants set to work with a will. They cut down forests, built houses, and laid out fields. They founded churches, schools, and colleges. They set up forges and workshops. They spun and wove. They fashioned ships and sailed the seas. They bartered and traded. Here and there on favorable harbors they established centers of commerce—Boston, Providence, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston. As soon as a firm foothold was secured on the shore line they pressed westward until, by the close of the colonial period, they were already on the crest of the Alleghanies. motive Noun. Reason to do something. however Transition. Notice semicolon and comma. managed Verbal. Were able to do. set Verbal. To begin. will Noun. Determination to succeed. cut Verbal. To chop or severe. built Verbal. To construct. laid out Verbal. To plant or set the borders of. founded Verbal. To create something the first time. forges Noun. A place where iron utensils are created. spun Verb. To make thread into clothing. fashioned Verb. To create or make. bartered Verb. To exchange goods without money. established Verbal. To create for the first time. Build. foothold Noun. To establish a first place. crest Noun. The top of a mountain. The peak. Whatever the (1)_________________ for immigrants coming; (2)_________________, they (3)_________________ to get across the sea. The immigrants (4)_________________ to work with a (5)_________________. They (6)_________________ down forests, (7)_________________ houses, and (8)_________________ fields. They (9)_________________ churches, schools, and colleges. They set up (10)_________________ and workshops. They (11)_________________ and wove. They (12)_________________ ships and sailed the seas. They (13)_________________ and traded. Here and there on favorable harbors they (14)_________________ centers of commerce—Boston, Providence, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston. As soon as a firm (15)_________________ was secured on the shore line they pressed westward until, by the close of the colonial period, they were already on the (16)_________________ of the Alleghanies. More irritating laws were passed by the British Parliament against the American colonists. Rioting appeared in the streets of cities. Tea was dumped in the harbor of Boston and seized in the harbor of Charleston. The British answer was more force. The response of the colonists was establishing Continental Congress for defense. Then an unexpected and unintended clash of arms at Lexington and Concord in the spring of 1775 brought forth from the king of England a proclamation: "The Americans are rebels!" So, the die was cast, and the American Revolution had begun. George Washington was made commander-in-chief. Armies were raised, money was borrowed, a huge volume of paper currency was issued, and foreign aid was summoned. Benjamin Franklin plied his diplomatic arts at Paris, and in 1778 he induced France to throw her sword into the balance. Three years later, British General Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. In 1783, by the formal treaty of peace, King George III acknowledged the independence of the United States. The new nation, endowed with an imperial domain stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, began its career among the sovereign powers of the earth. irritating Adjective. Causing a problem appeared Verbal.To become seeable dumped Verbal. To drop establishing Verbal. To found or create. clash Noun. Fight. forth Particle.Bring to the front or make known. die Noun. A mold for forming molten metal. made Verbal. To create. raised Verbal. To lift up. borrowed. Verbal. To obtain money that has to be repaid. issued Verbal. To produce. summoned Verbal. To call. plied Verbal. To apply one’s skills. induced Verbal. Convince someone. sword Noun. A large knife for fighting. surrendered Verbal. To give up. endowed To be given or receive. sovereign Adjective. Independent countries. More (1)__________________ laws were passed by the British Parliament against the American colonists. Rioting (2)__________________ in the streets of cities. Tea was (3)__________________ in the harbor of Boston and seized in the harbor of Charleston. The British answer was more (1)__________________. The response of the colonists was (4)__________________ Continental Congress for defense. Then an unexpected and unintended (5)__________________ of arms at Lexington and Concord in the spring of 1775 brought (6)__________________ from the king of England a proclamation: "The Americans are rebels!" So, the (7)__________________ was cast, and the American Revolution had begun. George Washington was (8)__________________ commander-in-chief. Armies were (9)__________________, money was (10)__________________, a huge volume of paper currency was (11)__________________, and foreign aid was (12)__________________. Benjamin Franklin (13)__________________ his diplomatic arts at Paris, and in 1778 he (14)__________________ France to throw her (15)__________________ into the balance. Three years later, British General Cornwallis (16)__________________ at Yorktown. In 1783, by the formal treaty of peace, King George III acknowledged the independence of the United States. The new nation, (17)__________________ with an imperial domain stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, began its career among the (18)__________________ powers of the earth. Right now, American schools are aiming to low because competency in reading and math is the meagre minimum. Reading and math have been the sole focus of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) testing, such as the Florida FCAT. Today’s economy requires not ony high-level competence in academic disciplines but also 21st century skills. Such skills include knowing more about the world, thinking outside the box , becoming smarter about new sources of information, and developing good people skills. right now Transition. Immediately. Nowadays. aiming Verbal. To target something. competency Noun. Ability to do something. meagre Adjective. The bare minimum. Very little. sole Adjective. Only requires Verbal. Neccesary. Required. knowing Verbal. Knowledge. thinking Verbal. To use the mind. becoming Verbal. To change. developing To grow. (1)________________, American schools are (2)________________ to low because (3)________________ in reading and math is the (4)________________ minimum. Reading and math have been the (5)________________ focus of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) testing, such as the Florida FCAT. Today’s economy (6)________________ not ony high-level competence in academic disciplines but also 21st century skills. Such skills include (7)________________ more about the world, (8)________________ outside the box , (9)________________ smarter about new sources of information, and (10)________________ good people skills. 9/11 speech by President George W Bush Address to the Nation September 11th 2001 Good evening. Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes, or in their offices; secretaries, businessmen and women, military and federal workers; moms and dads, friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror. fellow Adjective. Related. In common. deliberate Adjective. Planned in advance. suddenly Adverb. Quickly. Without warning. despicable Adjective. Extremely horrible. Good evening. Today, our (1)_____________ citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of (2)_____________ and deadly terrorist acts. The victims were in airplanes, or in their offices; secretaries, businessmen and women, military and federal workers; moms and dads, friends and neighbors. Thousands of lives were (3)_____________ ended by evil, (4)_____________ acts of terror. The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge structures collapsing, have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness, and a quiet, unyielding anger. These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed; our country is strong. flying Verbal. To go in the air. burning Verbal. To ignite on fire. collapsing Verbal. To fall down. filled Verbal. To make full or complete. unyielding Adjective. Not giving up or decreasing. mass Adjective. Wholesale. Many. chaos Noun. Without any order. The pictures of airplanes (1)____________ into buildings, fires (2)____________, huge structures (3)____________, have (4)____________ us with disbelief, terrible sadness, and a quiet, (5)____________ anger. These acts of (6)____________ murder were intended to frighten our nation into (7)____________ and retreat. But they have failed; our country is strong. A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shattered steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve. great Adjective. Important. great Adjective. Important. shake Verbal. To move back and forth. foundations Noun. The supporting structure. foundation Noun. The supporting principles. shattered Adjective. To break in many pieces. dent Verbal. To hit something and make a mark. A (1)______________people has been moved to defend a (2)______________ nation. Terrorist attacks can (3)______________ the (4)______________ of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the (5)______________ of America. These acts (6)______________ steel, but they cannot (7)______________ the steel of American resolve. Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way--in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. worst Noun. Superlative of bad. foolishness Noun. To be a fool or stupid. incredulity Noun. Not believing. To doubt. darkness Noun. Opposite of light. despair Noun. To be without hope. everything Noun. All. direct to Preposition. Straight. noisiest Adjective. Not quite. Lots of noise. It was the best of times, it was the (1)__________________ of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of (2)__________________, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of (3)__________________, it was the season of Light, it was the season of (4)__________________, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of (5)__________________, we had (6)__________________ before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going (7)__________________ to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way--in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its (8)__________________ authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. Edgar Allen Poe The Raven Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore-- While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping--rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door-- Only this and nothing more." dreary Adjective. Very sad and dark. weary Adjective. Extremely tired. quaint Adjective. Not sophisticated. tapping Noun. A knock. rapping Noun. A hard knock. tapping Noun. A knock. more Noun. Additional. Once upon a midnight (1)____________, while I pondered, weak and (2)____________, Over many a (3)____________ and curious volume of forgotten lore-- While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a (4)____________, As of some one gently rapping—(5)____________ at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "(6)____________ at my chamber door-- Only this and nothing (7)____________." Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Chapter 1 It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. universally Adverb. Agreed by all. single Adjective. Alone. in want of Phrase. Need. Looking for. It is a truth (1)___________ acknowledged, that a (2)___________ man in possession of a good fortune, must be (3)___________ a wife. William Shakespeare Hamlet. To be, or not to be,--that is the question:-- Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?--To die,--to sleep,-- to be Verbal. To exist. question Noun. Something that is asked. nobler Adjective. To be kingly. To act with honor. slings Noun. A weapon that throws stones. sea Noun. Metaphor meaning a huge amount. To be, or not (1)_________,--that is the (2)_________:-- Whether 'tis (3)_________ in the mind to suffer The (4)_________ and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a (5)_________ of troubles, And by opposing end them?--To die,--to sleep,-- In 1953, David Riesman penned The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character which raised questions about conformity and individuality in post-war America. Similarly, in the 2004 award-winning movie, Crash, Detective Graham (Don Cheadle) says at the beginning: “In L.A., nobody touches you. We're always behind this metal and glass. I think we miss that touch so much that we crash into each other just so we can feel something.” This similar, cumulative loneliness in today’s crowded Internet is a phenomena whose trajectory for human learning and understanding is yet unknown. penned Verbal. To write. raised Verbal. To bring up. To elevate. cumulative Adjective. Adding up. Things that accumulate. phenomena Noun. Plural. Something that happens and can be seen or felt. trajectory Noun. The path or route. yet Helper. Still not determined. In 1953, David Riesman (1)________________ The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character which (2)________________ questions about conformity and individuality in post-war America. Similarly, in the 2004 award-winning movie, Crash, Detective Graham (Don Cheadle) says at the beginning: “In L.A., nobody touches you. We're always behind this metal and glass. I think we miss that touch so much that we crash into each other just so we can feel something.” This similar, (3)________________ loneliness in today’s crowded Internet is a (4)________________ whose (5)________________ for human learning and understanding is (6)________________ unknown. Job applicants are routinely “Googled,” a verb that has now made it into the new Webster Dictionary, before they are interviewed. Whether the information contained on billions of Web sites is reliable or not: the proclivity to do search engine background checks is a growing phenomenon. A trend which wholly blends the private and the public life of an individual into one massive digital file—archived somewhere, probably, at a server farm on a pastoral river in Oregon. routinely Adverb. As a matter of course. All the time. whether Subordination. If. In case. proclivity Noun. A tendency towards. Usually done. phenomenon Noun. Singular. Something that can be seen or felt. wholly Adverb. Totally. massive Adjective. Gigantic. Huge. Big. archived Verbal. Stored and listed. pastoral Adjective. Peaceful. Like Eden. Job applicants are (1)_____________ “Googled,” a verb that has now made it into the new Webster Dictionary, before they are interviewed. (2)_____________ the information contained on billions of Web sites is reliable or not: the (3)_____________ to do search engine background checks is a growing (4)_____________. A trend which (5)_____________ blends the private and the public life of an individual into one (6)_____________ digital file—(7)_____________ somewhere, probably, at a server farm on a (8)_____________ river in Oregon. So the Internet is a combative world, a looking glass, that paradoxically keeps people apart, while bringing them together. Indeed, I have gone to three weddings this past year where the parties met over the Internet and matchmaking services are legion on the Web. Moreover, when users go online, their psychological barriers are down, particularly adolescents, and information is divulged willingly, and digitized forever. Whither this trend will lead is not hard to discern: personal privacy, as known and defined in the past, is exactly that—it is past. However, its overall impact on education is still on a future not yet written—if there will yet be writers after the post-war convergence of technologies. combative Adjective. Fighting. glass Noun. A looking glass is a mirror. paradoxically. Adverb. Contradiction. Opposite. met over Verbal. To meet. To get together. matchmaking Noun. To introduce a future husband and wife. legion Adjective. A great many. A huge amount. barriers Noun. Obstacles. Something that stops. digitized. Verbal. To reduce information to 1s and zeros. whither Helper. Where to. discern Verbal. To determine. To see. To visualize. impact Noun. To affect or change something. yet Helper. Still not. convergence Noun. When things come together. So the Internet is a (1)______________ world, a looking (2)______________, that (3)______________ keeps people apart, while bringing them together. Indeed, I have gone to three weddings this past year where the parties (4)______________ the Internet and (5)______________ services are (6)______________ on the Web. Moreover, when users go online, their psychological (7)______________ are down, particularly adolescents, and information is divulged willingly, and (8)______________ forever. (9)______________ this trend will lead is not hard to (10)______________: personal privacy, as known and defined in the past, is exactly that—it is past. However, its overall (11)______________ on education is still on a future not (12)______________ written—if there will yet be writers after the post-war (13)______________ of technologies. Probably no candidate for the presidency ever had such passionate popular support as Andrew Jackson had in 1828. He was truly a man of the people. Born of poor parents in the upland region of South Carolina, schooled in poverty and adversity, without the advantages of education or the refinements of cultivated leisure, he seemed the embodiment of the spirit of the new American democracy. Early in his youth he had gone into the frontier of Tennessee where he soon won a name as a fearless and intrepid Indian fighter. On the march and in camp, he endeared himself to his men by sharing their hardships, sleeping on the ground with them, and eating parched corn when nothing better could be found for the privates. From local prominence he sprang into national fame by his exploit at the battle of New Orleans. of the people Phrase. Same as everyone. schooled Verbal. To learn from experience. adversity Noun. Hard or difficult times. embodiment Noun. The body of or the perfect example. frontier Noun. The edge of civilization. intrepid Adjective. Without fear. Fearless. endeared Verbal. To make people love you. parched Adjective. Very dry. prominence Noun. To become famous or important. sprang Verbal. To make something jump. (1)______________ no candidate for the presidency ever had such (2)______________ popular support as Andrew Jackson had in 1828. He was truly a man (3)______________. Born of poor parents in the upland region of South Carolina, (4)______________ in poverty and (5)______________, without the advantages of education or the refinements of cultivated leisure, he seemed the (6)______________ of the spirit of the new American democracy. Early in his youth he had gone into the (7)______________ of Tennessee where he soon won a name as a fearless and (8)______________ Indian fighter. On the march and in camp, he (9)______________ himself to his men by sharing their hardships, sleeping on the ground with them, and eating (10)______________ corn when nothing better could be found for the privates. From local (11)______________ he (12)______________ into national fame by his exploit at the battle of New Orleans. Alexis de Tocqueville, a French liberal of mildly democratic sympathies, made a journey to this country in 1831. He described in a very remarkable volume, Democracy in America, the grand experiment as he saw it. On the whole he was convinced. After examining with a critical eye the life and labor of the American people, as well as the constitutions of the states and the nation, he came to the conclusion that democracy with all its faults was both inevitable and successful. Slavery he thought was a painful contrast to the other features of American life, and he foresaw what proved to be the irrepressible conflict over it. He believed that through blundering the people were destined to learn the highest of all arts and self-government on a grand scale. The absence of a leisure class de Tocqueville thought a necessary virtue in the republic. "Amongst a democratic people where there is no hereditary wealth, every man works to earn a living, or has worked, or is born of parents who have worked. A notion of labor is therefore presented to the mind on every side as the necessary, natural, and honest condition of human existence. remarkable Adjective. Special. grand Adjective. Very large. Important. on the whole Phrase. Overall. Completely. inevitable and successful Noun phrase. Will happen for sure and have a good outcome. irrepressible Adjective. Cannot be stopped or repressed. blundering Noun. To make many mistakes. grand scale Noun phrase. In a huge fashion. virtue Noun. To good parts of a person or thing. earn a living Noun phrase. To go to work and make money. honest Adjective. To tell the truth. Alexis de Tocqueville, a French liberal of mildly democratic sympathies, made a journey to this country in 1831. He described in a very (1)______________ volume, Democracy in America, the (2)______________ experiment as he saw it. (3)______________ he was convinced. After examining with a critical eye the life and labor of the American people, as well as the constitutions of the states and the nation, he came to the conclusion that democracy with all its faults was both (4)______________. Slavery he thought was a painful contrast to the other features of American life, and he foresaw what proved to be the (5)______________ conflict over it. He believed that through (6)______________ the people were destined to learn the highest of all arts and self-government on a (7)______________. The absence of a leisure class de Tocqueville thought a necessary (8)______________ in the republic. "Amongst a democratic people where there is no hereditary wealth, every man works to (9)______________, or has worked, or is born of parents who have worked. A notion of labor is therefore presented to the mind on every side as the necessary, natural, and (10)______________ condition of human existence. In 1802, Jefferson sent his friend, James Monroe, to France with the power to buy New Orleans and West Florida. Before Monroe arrived, the regular minister, Livingston, had already convinced Napoleon that it would be well to sell territory which might be wrested from him at any moment by the British sea power, especially as the war, temporarily stopped by the peace of Amiens, was once more raging in Europe. He was simply dazed when Napoleon offered to sell the entire domain and get rid of the business altogether. Though staggered by the proposal, he and Monroe decided to accept. On April 30, they signed the treaty of cession, agreeing to pay $11,250,000 in six per cent bonds and to discharge certain debts due French citizens. Spain protested, Napoleon's brother fumed, French newspapers objected, but the deed was done."We shall not send an emigrant beyond the Mississippi in a hundred years," lamented Livingston, the principal author of the Louisiana purchase. power Noun. Potentcy. Strength. convinced Verbal. To make someone change their mind. wrested Verb. To take a way from someone with a twisting motion. raging Adjective. On fire. In full force. dazed Verbal. Stunned. Taken back. Shocked. staggered Verbal. Stunned. Off balance. Shocked. cession Noun. Give up. protested Verb. To complain. fumed Verbal. Angry. On fire. objected Verbal. To complain. Raise a complaint. deed Noun. An act. An accomplished act. lamented Verbal. Complained. Cried about. In 1802, Jefferson sent his friend, James Monroe, to France with the (1)_____________________ to buy New Orleans and West Florida. Before Monroe arrived, the regular minister, Livingston, had already (2)_____________________ Napoleon that it would be well to sell territory which might be (3)_____________________ from him at any moment by the British sea power, especially as the war, temporarily stopped by the peace of Amiens, was once more (4)_____________________ in Europe. He was simply (5)_____________________ when Napoleon offered to sell the entire domain and get rid of the business altogether. Though (6)_____________________ by the proposal, he and Monroe decided to accept. On April 30, they signed the treaty of (7)_____________________, agreeing to pay $11,250,000 in six per cent bonds and to discharge certain debts due French citizens. Spain (8)_____________________, Napoleon's brother (9)_____________________, French newspapers (10)_____________________, but the (11)_____________________ was done."We shall not send an emigrant beyond the Mississippi in a hundred years," (12)_____________________ Livingston, the principal author of the Louisiana purchase. President Monroe, on the occasion of an Indian outbreak, ordered General Jackson to seize the offenders, in the Floridas, if necessary. The high-spirited warrior, taking this as a hint that he was to occupy the coveted region, replied that, if possession was the object of the invasion, he could occupy the Floridas within sixty days. Without waiting for an answer to this letter, he launched his expedition, and in the spring of 1818 was master of the Spanish king's domain to the south. occasion Noun. Anniversary or date. outbreak Verbal. To start something like a fight. seize Verbal. To grab or take by force. high-spirited Adjective. Full of energy and pride. hint Noun. A clue to some meaning. coveted Adjective. Something everyone wants. answer Noun. The solution to a question. A reply. launched Verbal. To let boat go. To start something. master Noun. To be the ruler or king of something. President Monroe, on the (1)______________ of an Indian (2)______________, ordered General Jackson to (3)______________ the offenders, in the Floridas, if necessary. The (4)______________ warrior, taking this as a (5)______________ that he was to occupy the (6)______________ region, replied that, if possession was the object of the invasion, he could occupy the Floridas within sixty days. Without waiting for an (7)______________ to this letter, he (8)______________ his expedition, and in the spring of 1818 was (9)______________ of the Spanish king's domain to the south. There was nothing for the king of Spain to do but to make the best of the inevitable by ceding the Floridas to the United States in return for five million dollars to be paid to American citizens having claims against Spain. On Washington's birthday, 1819, the treaty was signed. It ceded the Floridas to the United States and defined the boundary between Mexico and the United States by drawing a line from the mouth of the Sabine River in a northwesterly direction to the Pacific. inevitable Noun. Something that is going to happen. ceding Verbal. To give something up. claims Noun. Debts or something owed to someone. ceded Verbal. To give up something. defined Verbal. To describe. There was nothing for the king of Spain to do but to make the best of the (1)______________by (2)______________ the Floridas to the United States in return for five million dollars to be paid to American citizens having (3)______________ against Spain. On Washington's birthday, 1819, the treaty was signed. It (4)______________ the Floridas to the United States and (5)______________ the boundary between Mexico and the United States by drawing a line from the mouth of the Sabine River in a northwesterly direction to the Pacific. Tired of waiting, returned Cubans reach Keys again Miami Herald December 16, 2006 Seven Cubans arrived in the United States a second time Friday, almost a year after they were repatriated because they first landed on an abandoned Florida Keys bridge not considered U.S. territory by immigration authorities. second Adjective. More than once. almost Helper. Nearly. Just about. repatriated Verbal. Brought back to your original country. first Adjective. The premier time. abandoned Adjective. Something no longer in use. considered Verbal. An opinion or judgement. Seven Cubans arrived in the United States a (1)___________ time Friday, (2)___________ a year after they were (3)___________ because they (4)___________ landed on an (5)___________ Florida Keys bridge not (6)___________ U.S. territory by immigration authorities. Although a federal judge later said they should have been allowed to stay and the United States issued them visas, relatives said they grew tired of waiting for the Cuban government’s permission to leave the island and took off on a homemade boat. although Subordination. Even though. later Adverb. After a time. allowed Verbal. To permit. issued Verbal. To grant or give. grew Verbal. To enlarge. To become. homemade Adjective. Something not made in a factory. (1)___________________ a federal judge (2)___________________ said they should have been (3)___________________ to stay and the United States (4)___________________ them visas, relatives said they (5)___________________ tired of waiting for the Cuban government’s permission to leave the island and took off on a (6)___________________ boat. For ten years—1868-78—a guerrilla warfare raged in the island of Cuba. American citizens, by virtue of their ancient traditions of democracy, naturally sympathized with a war for independence and self-government. Expeditions to help the insurgents were fitted out secretly in American ports. Arms and supplies were smuggled into Cuba. American soldiers of fortune joined their ranks. guerilla Adjective. Unconvential war. Terrorism. by virtue Helper phrase. By the fact. Due to the fact. sympathized Verbal. To have feelings towards. expeditions Noun. A group of people who travel to help others with equipment. fitted out Verbal. To equip or supply. smuggled Verbal. To avoid customs. soldiers of fortune Noun phrase. Soldiers who are paid money to fight. ranks Noun. A group of soldiers. For ten years—1868-78—a (1)_________________ warfare raged in the island of Cuba. American citizens, (2)_________________ of their ancient traditions of democracy, naturally (3)_________________ with a war for independence and self-government. (4)_________________ to help the insurgents were (5)_________________ secretly in American ports. Arms and supplies were (6)_________________ into Cuba. American (7)_________________ joined their (8)_________________. In February, 1898, a private letter written by Señor de Lome, the Spanish ambassador at Washington, expressing contempt for the President of the United States, was filched from the mails and passed into the hands of a journalist, William R. Hearst, who published it to the world. In the excited state of American opinion, few gave heed to the grave breach of diplomatic courtesy committed by breaking open private correspondence. The Spanish government was compelled to recall De Lome, thus officially condemning his conduct. contempt Noun. Hate. Distaste. Disrespect. filched Verbal. Stolen. journalist Noun. A reporter for a newspaper. excited Adjective. To be emotional. gave heed Verbal. To pay attention. To give consideration. breach Noun. A break of an agreement or protocol. correspondence Noun. A letter. In February, 1898, a private letter written by Señor de Lome, the Spanish ambassador at Washington, expressing (1)_____________ for the President of the United States, was (2)_____________ from the mails and passed into the hands of a (1)_____________, William R. Hearst, who published it to the world. In the (3)_____________ state of American opinion, few (4)_____________ to the grave (5)_____________ of diplomatic courtesy committed by breaking open private (6)_____________. The Spanish government was compelled to recall De Lome, thus officially condemning his conduct. Startling events then followed in swift succession. The navy, as a result in no small measure of the alertness of Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Department, was ready for the trial by battle. On May 1, Commodore Dewey at Manila Bay shattered the Spanish fleet, marking the doom of Spanish dominion in the Philippines. On July 3, the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera, in attempting to escape from Havana, was utterly destroyed by American forces under Commodore Schley. On July 17, Santiago, invested by American troops under General Shafter and shelled by the American ships, gave up the struggle. On July 25 General Miles landed in Puerto Rico. On August 13, General Merritt and Admiral Dewey carried Manila by storm. The war was over. startling Adjective. Shocking or surprising. succession Noun. One event after another. trial by battle Noun phrase. To decide an issue through war or fighting. utterly Adverb. Totally. Absolutely. gave up Verbal. To surrender or quit. puerto rico Noun. Island that is an American colony. by storm Adverb. By a quick military campaign. (1)___________________ events then followed in swift (2)___________________. The navy, as a result in no small measure of the alertness of Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Department, was ready for the (3)___________________. On May 1, Commodore Dewey at Manila Bay shattered the Spanish fleet, marking the doom of Spanish dominion in the Philippines. On July 3, the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera, in attempting to escape from Havana, was (4)___________________ destroyed by American forces under Commodore Schley. On July 17, Santiago, invested by American troops under General Shafter and shelled by the American ships, (5)___________________ the struggle. On July 25 General Miles landed in (6)___________________. On August 13, General Merritt and Admiral Dewey carried Manila (7)___________________. The war was over. Mexico, in 1836, then sought to close the flood gates. It stopped all American colonization schemes, canceled many of the land grants, put a tariff on farming implements, and abolished slavery. However, these barriers were raised too late. A call for help ran through the western border of the United States. The sentinels of the frontier answered. Davy Crockett, the noted frontiersman, bear hunter, and backwoods politician; James Bowie, the dexterous wielder of the knife that to this day bears his name; and Sam Houston, warrior and pioneer, rushed to the aid of their countrymen in Texas. sought Verbal. To seek. To look for. flood gates. Noun. Doors which hold back water like a dam. schemes Noun. A plan to do something. implements Noun. Tools used for farming. abolished Verbal. To eliminate completely. however Transition. But. sentinels Noun. Guards. frontiersmen Noun. People who explored the wilderness. dexterous Adjective. Very able or skilled with the hands. warrior Noun. A person whose career is fighting. countrymen Noun. People of the same country. Mexico, in 1836, then (1)_____________ to close the (2)_____________. It stopped all American colonization (3)_____________, canceled many of the land grants, put a tariff on farming (4)_____________, and (5)_____________ slavery. (6)_____________, these barriers were raised too late. A call for help ran through the western border of the United States. The (7)_____________ of the frontier answered. Davy Crockett, the noted (8)_____________, bear hunter, and backwoods politician; James Bowie, the (9)_____________ wielder of the knife that to this day bears his name; and Sam Houston, (10)_____________ and pioneer, rushed to the aid of their (11)_____________ in Texas. A portion of the Texan soldiers took their stand in the Alamo, an old Spanish mission in the cottonwood trees in the town of San Antonio. Instead of obeying the order to blow up the mission and retire, they held their ground until they were completely surrounded and cut off from all help. Refusing to surrender, they fought to the bitter end, the last man falling a victim to the sword. Vengeance was swift. Within three months General Houston overwhelmed Santa Ana at the San Jacinto, taking him prisoner of war and putting an end to all hopes for the restoration of Mexican sovereignty over Texas. portion Noun. A part of something. stand Noun. To refuse to move from a place. retire Verbal. To leave a place. cut off Verbal. To have no communication. bitter Adjective. To taste like lemons or limes. victim Noun. A person who is hurt or killed. vengeance Noun. To see revenge or repay in blood. restoration Noun. To reestablish. sovereignty Noun. When a nation is in control of its borders. A (1)_______________of the Texan soldiers took their (2)_______________ in the Alamo, an old Spanish mission in the cottonwood trees in the town of San Antonio. Instead of obeying the order to blow up the mission and (3)_______________, they held their ground until they were completely surrounded and (4)_______________from all help. Refusing to surrender, they fought to the (5)_______________ end, the last man falling a (6)_______________ to the sword. (7)_______________ was swift. Within three months General Houston overwhelmed Santa Ana at the San Jacinto, taking him prisoner of war and putting an end to all hopes for the (8)_______________n of Mexican (9)_______________ over Texas A general war ensued. Then, in February, 1848, the Mexicans came to terms, ceding to the victor California, Arizona, New Mexico, and more—a domain greater in extent than the combined areas of France and Germany. As a salve to the wound, the vanquished received fifteen million dollars in cash and the cancellation of many claims held by American citizens. Five years later, through the negotiations of James Gadsden, a further cession of lands along the southern border of Arizona and New Mexico was secured on payment of ten million dollars. ensued Verbal. Began. Started. terms Noun. Conditions. Agreements. ceding Verbal. Giving up or giving away. extent Noun. How large something is. salve Noun. Medicine put on a wound. vanquished Noun. The people who lose a war. cession Noun. Giving up. secured Verbal. Obtained. Gotten. A general war (1)____________. Then, in February, 1848, the Mexicans came to (2)____________, (3)____________ to the victor California, Arizona, New Mexico, and more—a domain greater in (4)____________ than the combined areas of France and Germany. As a (5)____________ to the wound, the (6)____________ received fifteen million dollars in cash and the cancellation of many claims held by American citizens. Five years later, through the negotiations of James Gadsden, a further (7)____________ of lands along the southern border of Arizona and New Mexico was (8)____________ on payment of ten million dollars. American inventors were destroying in a mighty revolution of industry the world of the stagecoach and the tallow candle which Washington and Franklin had inherited little changed from the age of Cæsar. The effects of invention on social and political life, multitudinous and never-ending, form the very warp and woof of American progress from the days of Andrew Jackson to the latest hour.Whitney combined wood and steel into a cotton gin. Fulton and Fitch applied the steam engine to navigation. Stevens and Peter Cooper tried out the "iron horse" on "iron highways." Slater built spinning mills in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Howe attached the needle to the flying wheel. Morse spanned a continent with the telegraph. Cyrus Field linked the markets of the new world with the old along the bed of the Atlantic. McCormick broke the sickle under the reaper. Edison illuminated the nation with the light bulb and permeated the air with sounds of the phonograph. The Wright brothers achieved mechanical flight at Kitty Hawk. Shockley harnessed grains of sand to render the transistor. Armstrong skipped about on the moon. stagecoach Noun. A car pulled by horses. tallow Adjective. The substance used to make candles. Wax. caeser Noun. Roman emperor. effects Noun. What causes an impact or change. multitudinous Adjective. Many sided. Many. warp and woof Noun. A device used to make rugs or clothing by having threads go in different, perpendicular directions. combined Verbal. To add together. applied Verbal. To use something for a purpose. tried out Verbal. Attempted to use. Used. built Verbal. To construct. attached Verbal. To put two things together as one. spanned Verbal. To cross a long space or divide. linked Verbal. To connect two or more things. broke Verbal. To cause something not to work. illuminated Verbal. To light up. permeated Verbal. To fill up the air with sound. harnessed Verbal. To use for something the way a horse is harnessed. skipped Verbal. To walk with joy like a child. American inventors were destroying in a mighty revolution of industry the world of the (1)__________________ and the (2)__________________ candle which Washington and Franklin had inherited little changed from the age of (3)__________________. The (4)__________________ of invention on social and political life, (5)__________________ and never-ending, form the very (6)__________________ of American progress from the days of Andrew Jackson to the latest hour.Whitney (7)__________________ wood and steel into a cotton gin. Fulton and Fitch (8)__________________ the steam engine to navigation. Stevens and Peter Cooper (9)__________________ the "iron horse" on "iron highways." Slater (10)__________________ spinning mills in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Howe (11)__________________ the needle to the flying wheel. Morse (12)__________________ a continent with the telegraph. Cyrus Field (13)__________________ the markets of the new world with the old along the bed of the Atlantic. McCormick (14)__________________ the sickle under the reaper. Edison (15)__________________ the nation with the light bulb and (16)__________________ the air with sounds of the phonograph. The Wright brothers achieved mechanical flight at Kitty Hawk. Shockley (17)__________________ grains of sand to render the transistor and the bring forth the digital age. Armstrong (18)__________________ about on the moon. Events of terrible significance, swiftly following, drove the country like a ship before a gale straight into civil war. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill rent the old parties asunder and called into being the Republican party. All over the country similar meetings were held and political committees were organized. In his inaugural, President Buchanan vaguely hinted that in a forthcoming decision the Supreme Court would settle one of the vital questions of the day. This was a reference to the Dred Scott case then pending. Scott was a slave who had been taken by his master into the upper Louisiana territory, where freedom had been established by the Missouri Compromise, and then carried back into his old state of Missouri. He brought suit for his liberty on the ground that his residence in the free territory made him free. The Supreme Court, however, faced the issue squarely. It held that Scott had not been free anywhere. Besides, the Missouri Compromise violated the Constitution and was null and void. The decision was a triumph for the South. It meant that Congress had no power to abolish slavery in the territories. ship Noun. A sea vessel used as a simile. gale Noun. A strong wind. rent Verbal. To rip or tear something in two. asunder Adjective. To split in two or many pieces. into being Phrase. Created. similar Adjective. The same kind. inauguaral Noun. When the president takes office. vaguely Adverb. Ambiguous. Not clear. forthcoming Adverb. Expected soon. Imminent. vital Noun. Extremely important. pending Adjective. A court case still not decided. established Verbal. Created. brought. Verbal. Bring. To carry. squarely Adverb. Look at something directly. held Verbal. It decided. besides Transition. In addition. null and void Phrase. Not applicable. Of no merit. triumph Noun. A victory abolish Verbal. To eliminate. Events of terrible significance, swiftly following, drove the country like a (1)________________ before a (2)________________ straight into civil war. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill (3)________________ the old parties (4)________________ and called (5)________________ the Republican party. All over the country (6)________________ meetings were held and political committees were organized. In his (7)________________ , President Buchanan (8)________________ hinted that in a (9)________________ decision the Supreme Court would settle one of the (10)________________ questions of the day. This was a reference to the Dred Scott case then (11)________________. Scott was a slave who had been taken by his master into the upper Louisiana territory, where freedom had been (12)________________ by the Missouri Compromise, and then carried back into his old state of Missouri. He (13)________________ suit for his liberty on the ground that his residence in the free territory made him free. The Supreme Court, however, faced the issue (14)________________. It (15)________________ that Scott had not been free anywhere. (16)________________, the Missouri Compromise violated the Constitution and was (17)________________. The decision was a (18)________________ for the South. It meant that Congress had no power to (19)________________ slavery in the territories. The following year the interest of the whole country was drawn to a series of debates held in Illinois by Lincoln and Douglas, both candidates for the United States Senate. In the course of his campaign Lincoln had uttered his trenchant saying that "a house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free." Farmers deserted their plows, smiths their forges, and housewives their baking to hear "Honest Abe" and "the Little Giant." Douglas won the election to the Senate, but Lincoln, lifted into national fame by the debates, beat him in the campaign for President two years later. was drawn Verbal. Brought into. series Noun. A sequence. candidates Noun. Those running for public office. course Noun. The path or route. trenchant Noun. Keen. Penetrating. Astute. endure Verbal. Stand. Keep alive. deserted Verbal. To leave. forges Noun. Used to make metal utensils like horse shoes. baking Noun. To cook food in an oven. lifted into Verbal. Elevated. Made famous. beat Verbal. To win. The following year the interest of the whole country (1)_________________ to a (2)_________________ of debates held in Illinois by Lincoln and Douglas, both (3)_________________ for the United States Senate. In the (4)_________________ of his campaign Lincoln had uttered his (5)_________________ saying that "a house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot (6)_________________ permanently half slave and half free." Farmers (7)_________________ their plows, smiths their (8)_________________, and housewives their (9)_________________ to hear "Honest Abe" and "the Little Giant." Douglas won the election to the Senate, but Lincoln, (10)_________________ national fame by the debates, (11)_________________ him in the campaign for President two years later. Assistance to runaway slaves, always more or less common in the North, was by this time organized into a system. Regular routes, known as "underground railways," were laid out across the free states into Canada, and trusted friends of freedom maintained "underground stations" where fugitives were concealed in the daytime between their long night journeys. Funds were raised and secret agents sent into the South to help negroes to flee. One negro woman, Harriet Tubman, "the Moses of her people," with headquarters at Philadelphia, is accredited with nineteen invasions into slave territory and the emancipation of three hundred negroes. runaway Adjective. Slaves who leave their masters. underground railroads Noun. A network of people who helped runaway slaves make it to freedom. laid out Verbal. Created. Created a network. trusted Adjective. People who you can put confidence in. fugitives Noun. People on the run from the law. secret agents Noun. Spies. to flee Verbal. To escape. the moses of her people Noun Phrase. A metaphor. invasions Noun. To go into enemy territory. emancipation Noun. Freedom Assistance to (1)__________________ slaves, always more or less common in the North, was by this time organized into a system. Regular routes, known as "(2)__________________," were (3)__________________ across the free states into Canada, and (4)__________________ friends of freedom maintained "underground stations" where (5)__________________ were concealed in the daytime between their long night journeys. Funds were raised and (6)__________________ sent into the South to help negroes (7)__________________. One negro woman, Harriet Tubman, "(8)__________________," with headquarters at Philadelphia, is accredited with nineteen (9)__________________ into slave territory and the (10)__________________ of three hundred negroes. From thrilling stories of adventure along the underground railways came some of the scenes and themes of the novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, "Uncle Tom's Cabin." It was published two years after the Compromise of 1850. Her stirring tale set forth the worst features of slavery in vivid word pictures that caught and held the attention of millions of readers. It was quickly dramatized and played in every city and town throughout the North. thrilling Adjective. Very exciting. underground. Adjective. Secret or beneath the ground. themes Noun. The central points. published. Verbal. To write a book. stirring Adjective. To be very exciting. set forth Verbal. To describe. vivid Adjective. Like a picture. Vibrant. dramatized Verbal. Put on the stage. From (1)________________ stories of adventure along the (2)________________ railways came some of the scenes and (3)________________ of the novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, "Uncle Tom's Cabin." It was (4)________________ two years after the Compromise of 1850. Her (5)________________ tale (6)________________ the worst features of slavery in (7)________________ word pictures that caught and held the attention of millions of readers. It was quickly (8)________________ and played in every city and town throughout the North. To the abolitionists the line of argument pursued by Lincoln, including his proposal to leave slavery untouched in the states where it existed, was wholly unsatisfactory. One of them, a grim and resolute man, inflamed by a hatred for slavery in itself, turned from agitation to violence. "These men are all talk; what is needed is action—action!" So spoke John Brown of New York. During the sanguinary struggle in Kansas he hurried to the frontier, gun and dagger in hand, to help drive slave owners from the free soil of the West. There he committed deeds of such daring and cruelty that he was outlawed and a price put upon his head. abolitionists Noun. People opposed to slavery. untouched Adjective. Not to touch. Not to change. wholly Adjective. Totally. Complete. grim Adjective. To happy. Serious. inflamed Verbal. On fire. Excited. agitation Noun. To make a lot of talk. sanguinary Adjective. Bloody. dagger. Noun. A knife. drive Verbal. To force to move. committed Verbal. Did. Conducted. daring Adjective. Outrageous and brave. outlawed Adjective. Outside the law. A criminal. price Noun. A bounty paid for someone wanted dead or alive. To the (1)____________________ the line of argument pursued by Lincoln, including his proposal to leave slavery (2)____________________ in the states where it existed, was (3)____________________ unsatisfactory. One of them, a (4)____________________ and resolute man, (5)____________________ by a hatred for slavery in itself, turned from (6)____________________ to violence. "These men are all talk; what is needed is action—action!" So spoke John Brown of New York. During the (7)____________________ struggle in Kansas he hurried to the frontier, gun and (8)____________________ in hand, to help (9)____________________ slave owners from the free soil of the West. There he (10)____________________ deeds of such (11)____________________ and cruelty that he was (12)____________________ and a (13)____________________ put upon his head. To seal forever the proclamation of emancipation, and to extend freedom to the whole country, Congress, in January, 1865, on the urgent recommendation of Lincoln, transmitted to the states the thirteenth amendment, abolishing slavery throughout the United States. By the end of 1865 the amendment was ratified. The house was not divided against itself; it did not fall; it was all free. ARTICLE XIII SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation seal Verbal. To close. proclamation Noun. A formal document. urgent Adjective. Very important. transmitted Verbal. To send. abolishing Verbal. Bringing to an end. throughout Helper. Entirely. In all parts. ratified Verbal. Voted for. involuntary Adjective. Without a person’s will. jurisdiction Noun. A judicial area. enforce Verbal. To have power to make a law obeyed. To (1)______________ forever the (2)______________ of emancipation, and to extend freedom to the whole country, Congress, in January, 1865, on the (3)______________ recommendation of Lincoln, (4)______________ to the states the thirteenth amendment, (5)______________ slavery (6)______________ the United States. By the end of 1865 the amendment was (7)______________. The house was not divided against itself; it did not fall; it was all free. ARTICLE XIII SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor (8)______________ servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their (9)______________. SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to (10)______________ this article by appropriate legislation Three more territories now remained out of the Union: Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona. Oklahoma, long an Indian reservation, had been opened for settlement to white men in 1889. The rush upon the fertile lands of this region, the last in the history of America, was marked by all the frenzy of the final, desperate chance. At a signal from a bugle an army of men with families in wagons, men and women on horseback and on foot, burst into the territory. During the first night a city of tents was raised at Guthrie and Oklahoma City. In ten days wooden houses rose on the plains. In a single year there were schools, churches, business blocks, and newspapers. Within fifteen years there was a population of more than half a million. territories Noun. Areas that are not yet states. reservation Noun. Areas where Indians are kept. settlement Noun. When territories are populated by pioneers. rush Noun. With lots of speed and frenzy. last Adjective. The final marked Verbal. Exhibited. Shown. desperate Adjective. A do or die situation. bugle Noun. A horn used in the Army. burst Verbal. To break like a balloon does. city of tents Noun phrase. Many tents that seem like a city. wooden houses Noun phrase. Houses made of wood. newspapers Noun. Daily or weekly papers people read for news. of more than Helper. It means in excess of 500,000 Three more (1)_______________ now remained out of the Union: Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona. Oklahoma, long an Indian (2)_______________, had been opened for (3)_______________ to white men in 1889. The (4)_______________ upon the fertile lands of this region, the (5)_______________ in the history of America, was (6)_______________ by all the frenzy of the final, (7)_______________ chance. At a signal from a (8)_______________ an army of men with families in wagons, men and women on horseback and on foot, (9)_______________ into the territory. During the first night a (10)_______________ was raised at Guthrie and Oklahoma City. In ten days (11)_______________ rose on the plains. In a single year there were schools, churches, business blocks, and (12)_______________. Within fifteen years there was a population (13)_______________ half a million. In 1923 the Monroe Doctorine celebrated its hundreth anniversary. Monroe had announced to the world that he would regard "any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety." When John Hay, Secretary of State, heard that an American citizen, Perdicaris, had been seized by Raisuli, a Moroccan bandit, in 1904, he wired his brusque message: "We want Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead." This was but an echo of Commodore Decatur's equally characteristic answer, "Not a minute," given nearly a hundred years before to the pirates of Algiers begging for time to consider whether they would cease preying upon American merchantmen. By 2001, President Bush, invoking a Western poster for bandits, was even more direct about American policy regarding Usama Bin Laden, “Wanted. Dead or Alive.” celebrated Verbal. Like a party. announced Verbal. To make public. regard Verbal. To consider something. heard Verbal. To listen to. seized Verbal. To capture or kidnap. brusque Adjective. Rude or a short reply. echo Noun. When sound reflects and repeats. characteristic Adjective. Fitting of the person speaking it. pirates Noun. Sea going bandits who loot and plunder ships on the sea. whether Helper. If preying Verbal. To attack weaker people. direct Adjective. To the point. Blunt. In 1923 the Monroe Doctorine (1)_________________ its hundreth anniversary. Monroe had (2)_________________ to the world that he would (3)_________________ "any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety." When John Hay, Secretary of State, (4)_________________ that an American citizen, Perdicaris, had been (5)_________________ by Raisuli, a Moroccan bandit, in 1904, he wired his (6)_________________ message: "We want Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead." This was but an (7)_________________ of Commodore Decatur's equally (8)_________________ answer, "Not a minute," given nearly a hundred years before to the (9)_________________ of Algiers begging for time to consider (10)_________________ they would cease (11)_________________ upon American merchantmen. By 2001, President Bush, invoking a Western poster for bandits, was even more (12)_________________ about American policy regarding Usama Bin Laden, “Wanted. Dead or Alive.” The Department of State was busy with negotiations which resulted in the purchase of Alaska from Russia. The treaty of cession, signed on March 30, 1867, added to the United States a domain of nearly six hundred thousand square miles, a territory larger than Texas and nearly three-fourths the size of the Louisiana purchase. Though it was a distant colony separated from our continental domain by a thousand miles of water, no question of "imperialism" or "colonization foreign to American doctrines" seems to have been raised at the time. The treaty was ratified promptly by the Senate. The purchase price, $7,200,000, was voted by the House of Representatives. Secretary of State Seward, who formulated the treaty, rejoiced, as he afterwards said, that he had kept Alaska out of the hands of England. busy Adjective. Engaged. Tied up purchase Noun. To buy cessession Noun. To give up land. added Verbal. To enlarge. domain Noun. A large area. territory Noun. An unsettled state. three-fourths Adjective. 3/4 though Subordination. Even. Despite the fact. have been raised Verbal. A question not asked. ratified Verbal. Voted upon. voted Verbal. When votes or ballots are tallied. formulated Verbal. Thought of. Created. rejoiced Verbal. To be very happy. out of the hands of Phrase. To keep away from someone else. The Department of State was (1)_______________________ with negotiations which resulted in the (2)_______________________ of Alaska from Russia. The treaty of (3)_______________________, signed on March 30, 1867, (4)_______________________ to the United States a (5)_______________________ of nearly six hundred thousand square miles, a (6)_______________________ larger than Texas and nearly (7)_______________________ the size of the Louisiana purchase. (8)_______________________ it was a distant colony separated from our continental domain by a thousand miles of water, no question of "imperialism" or "colonization foreign to American doctrines" seems to (9)_______________________ at the time. The treaty was (10)_______________________ promptly by the Senate. The purchase price, $7,200,000, was (11)_______________________ by the House of Representatives. Secretary of State Seward, who (12)_______________________ the treaty, (13)_______________________, as he afterwards said, that he had kept Alaska (14)_______________________ of England. In 1893, a revolution headed by Americans, broke out, ending in the overthrow of the native Hawaiian government, the abolition of the primitive monarchy, and the retirement of Queen Liliuokalani to private life. This crisis, a repetition of the Texas affair in a smaller theater, was immediately followed by a demand from the new Hawaiian government for annexation to the United States. Congress by a joint resolution, passed on July 6, 1898, annexed the islands to the United States and later conferred upon them the ordinary territorial form of government. headed Verbal. Led. Instigated by. overthrow Noun. When a government is deposed. abolition Noun. To completely eliminate something. primitive Adjective. Not modern. Unsophisticated. retirement Noun. To stop working and leave public life. private Adjective. As opposed to public. crisis Noun. A problem that needs to be solved. theater Noun. A area of conflict like a stage. annexation Noun. When one country takes over another one. joint Adjective. When the House and Senate vote on the same matter. annexed Verbal. To add a country. Addition of. conferred upon Verbal. Gave to. In 1893, a revolution (1)________________ by Americans, broke out, ending in the (2)________________ of the native Hawaiian government, the (3)________________ of the (4)________________ monarchy, and the (5)________________ of Queen Liliuokalani to (6)________________ life. This (7)________________, a repetition of the Texas affair in a smaller (8)________________, was immediately followed by a demand from the new Hawaiian government for (9)________________ to the United States. Congress by a (10)________________ resolution, passed on July 6, 1898, (11)________________ the islands to the United States and later (12)________________ them the ordinary territorial form of government. . America had become a world power. Alaska was purchased from Russia. A Samoan island was brought under the flag The Hawaiian islands were annexed. The Monroe Doctrine was applied with vigor in the dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain. Assistance was given to the Cubans in their revolutionary struggle against Spain and thus there was precipitated a war which ended in the annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. President Roosevelt proceeded to negotiate with the government at Bogota a treaty authorizing the United States to cut a canal through its territory in Panama. The treaty was easily framed, but it was rejected by the Colombian senate. "You could no more make an agreement with the Colombian rulers," Roosevelt exclaimed, "than you could nail jelly to a wall.". On November 3, 1903, Panama renounced its allegiance to Colombia and three days later the United States recognized its independence.The same issue was involved in a controversy over Santo Domingo which arose in 1904. The Dominican republic, like Venezuela, was heavily in debt, and certain European countries declared that, unless the United States undertook to look after the finances of the embarrassed debtor, they would resort to armed coercion. In 1907, to effect a treaty arrangement Roosevelt placed Dominican finances under American supervision. power Noun. When a country has strength. purchased Verbal. To buy. brought under Verbal. To make under control. annexed Verbal. Formally taken over. vigor Noun. With lots of energy. assistance Noun. Help precipitated Verbal. To bring about. Rain is called precipitation. annexation Noun. When a country is added to another. proceeded Verbal. To take the first steps. cut Verbal. To make a division. framed Verbal. To outline the parameters. To describe the outlines. rejected Verbal. To say no to something. To not accept. exlaimed Verbal. To say something, usually with surprise. renounced Verbal. To formally break an agreement. recognized Verbal. To accept. To acknowledge. controversey Noun. A dispute. A disagreement. A problem. arose Verbal. Came to the forefront. Became an issue. undertook Verbal. To take responsibility for. Assume. coercion Noun. Use of force and not argument to win a dispute. placed Verbal. Put under. Took control of. America had become a world (1)______________________. Alaska was (2)______________________ from Russia. A Samoan island was (3)______________________the flag The Hawaiian islands were (4)______________________. The Monroe Doctrine was applied with vigor in the dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain. (5)______________________ was given to the Cubans in their revolutionary struggle against Spain and thus there was (6)______________________ a war which ended in the (7)______________________ of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. President Roosevelt (8)______________________ to negotiate with the government at Bogota a treaty authorizing the United States to (9)______________________a canal through its territory in Panama. The treaty was easily (10)______________________, but it was (11)______________________ by the Colombian senate. "You could no more make an agreement with the Colombian rulers," Roosevelt (12)______________________, "than you could nail jelly to a wall.". On November 3, 1903, Panama (13)______________________ its allegiance to Colombia and three days later the United States (14)______________________ its independence.The same issue was involved in a (15)______________________ over Santo Domingo which (16)______________________ in 1904. The Dominican republic, like Venezuela, was heavily in debt, and certain European countries declared that, unless the United States (17)______________________ to look after the finances of the embarrassed debtor, they would resort to armed (18)______________________. In 1907, to effect a treaty arrangement Roosevelt (19)______________________ Dominican finances under American supervision. On September 30, 1918, President Wilson, who, two years before, had opposed federal action and endorsed suffrage by state adoption only, went before Congress and urged the passage of the suffrage amendment to the Constitution. On August 28, 1920, the thirty-sixth state, Tennessee, approved the amendment, making three-fourths of the states as required by the Constitution. Thus woman suffrage became the law of the land. A new political democracy had been created. The epoch of responsible citizenship opened ARTICLE XIX The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. who Relative. Subject opposed Verbal. To be against. endorsed Verbal. Supported. Voiced support for. adoption Noun. When each state makes it a law. urged Verbal. Endorsed. Pushed. suffrage Noun. Ability to vote. three-fourths Adjective. ¾. Or about 36 states. thus Transition. So. As a consequence. had been created Verbal. Past perfect. Was made. epoch Noun. A long period. Indefinite. abridged Verbal. Can not be undone. Can not be changed. sex Noun. Gender. On September 30, 1918, President Wilson, (1)_______________, two years before, had (2)_______________ federal action and (3)_______________ suffrage by state (4)_______________ only, went before Congress and (5)_______________ the passage of the (6)_______________ amendment to the Constitution. On August 28, 1920, the thirty-sixth state, Tennessee, approved the amendment, making (7)_______________ of the states as required by the Constitution. (8)_______________ woman suffrage became the law of the land. A new political democracy (9)_______________. The (10)_______________ of responsible citizenship opened ARTICLE XIX The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or (11)_______________ by the United States or any State on account of (12)_______________. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Santo Domingo was transformed into a protectorate under President Wilson. In 1914 dissensions in the republic led to the landing of American marines to "supervise" the elections. For all practical purposes, it seemed, the sovereignty of Santo Domingo had been transferred to the United States.In the neighboring republic of Haiti, a similar state of affairs existed. In the summer of 1915 a revolution broke out there—one of a long series beginning in 1804—and American marines were landed to restore order. Elections were held under the supervision of American officers, and a treaty was drawn up placing the management of Haitian finances and the local constabulary under American authority. In line with American policy in the West Indian waters was the purchase in 1917 of the Danish Islands just off the coast of Puerto Rico, and the Stars and Stripes were raised over St. Croix, St. Thomas, St. John, and numerous minor islands scattered about in the neighborhood. On the mainland American power was strengthened by the establishment of a protectorate over Nicaragua in 1916. transformed Verbal. To change radically. dissensions Noun. Verbal and/or physical fighting. sovereignty Noun. When a country runs its own affairs. been transferred Verbal. Handed over. affairs Noun. Conditions. restore Verbal. To bring back to an original state. management Noun. The day to day running of the business of a country. constabulary Noun. The police forces. stars and stripes. Phrase. Metaphor for the American flag. raised Verbal. To put up. minor Adjective. Small or tiny. scattered Verbal. Spread around. strengthend Verbal. To make strong. protectorate Noun. When one country formally protects another in every way. Santo Domingo was (1)____________________ into a protectorate under President Wilson. In 1914 (2)____________________ in the republic led to the landing of American marines to "supervise" the elections. For all practical purposes, it seemed, the (3)____________________ of Santo Domingo had (4)____________________ to the United States.In the neighboring republic of Haiti, a similar state of (5)____________________ existed. In the summer of 1915 a revolution broke out there—one of a long series beginning in 1804—and American marines were landed to (6)____________________ order. Elections were held under the supervision of American officers, and a treat